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Artificial Intelligence (AI)

How to cite AI


Citing GAI

If you are using part of a response provided by GAI, you should acknowledge this in some way. We would suggest you describe how you used the GAI in the introduction or appendix to your paper, and provide an In Text Citation and entry in your Reference List - citation examples are provided below in The BEST AI Chatbot. You should make it clear that you have not used the GAI as a primary information source but as a tool, like the SPSS software for statistics or the PRISMA flow diagram for systematic reviews. It may also help to provide the entire response to your question/prompt in an appendix, or a link to the response. 

To maintain your academic integrity, avoid including large portions of GAI output in your paper. Using the Copyright rule of thumb, we suggest you keep the inclusion of the GAI text to under 10% of your entire paper. Unless, of course, your assignment is to critically evaluate the GAI response.

More information on AI and AI research tools can be found here.

Nursing and Allied Health students...

With the increasing usage of artificial intelligence (AI) in academia, we need to think about how to acknowledge the use of AI in the PRISMA flow diagram. Here are 2 examples that we have managed to find...

 Gabashvili, I. S. (2023). Artificial intelligence in biomedicine: Systematic review. MedRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.07.23.23292672

 

 Ramsay, A.I.G., Ledger, J., Tomini, S.M., Hall, C., Hargroves, D., Hunter, P., Payne, S., Mehta, R., Simister, R., Tayo, F., & Fuolp, N.J. (2022). Prehospital video triage of potential stroke patients in North Central London and East Kent: Rapid mixed-methods service evaluation. Health and Social Care Delivery Research, 10(26), 1-114. https://doi.org/10.3310/IQZN1725 FullText@SIT

 

Whether you use Keenious AI or Keenious.ai, we would suggest placing the number under the Identification of studies via other methods option as these AI tools are more search engines than databases.

When it comes to the search strategy section of your paper, it would be good to explain how you used the AI tool. As we can find no formalized way of doing this yet, we would suggest something like this...

  • …the SciSpace AI tool was searched using the following question – Does prenatal yoga improve birth outcomes for first time mothers?
  • …the Keenious AI tool was used to search for articles related to a selected article on prenatal yoga written in 2023 by Mehta, Grover, Kale, Nanda, and Mehta…

AI Conversational Chatbot

AI Tool

Type

Purpose

Strengths

Weaknesses

ChatGPT

(free version) 

Conversational GAI chatbot

Generate text responses based on user input, e.g., code, emails, poetry, presentation outlines, summaries

  • Topic exploration and idea generation
  • Paper outline and structure design, e.g., themes for literature reviews
  • Editing and proofreading
  • Multiple language recognition
  • Content can be biased, inaccurate, or inappropriate
  • No quality control
  • Data set stops at Sep 2021
  • Not connected to the Internet

Copilot

(previously Bing AI)

Conversational GAI chatbot

AI image generator

Generate text responses based on user input, e.g.  code, emails, poetry, presentation outlines, summaries

Create graphical artwork from text prompts

  • Topic exploration and idea generation
  • Paper outline and structure design, e.g., themes for literature reviews
  • Editing and proofreading
  • Multiple language recognition
  • Unique image creation
  • Textual content can be biased, inaccurate, or inappropriate
  • No quality control
  • Images of people can go wrong, e.g., distorted faces, extra appendages

Gemini 

(previously Bard)

Conversational Generative AI (GAI) chatbot Generate text responses based on user input, e.g., code, emails, poetry, presentation outlines, summaries
  • Topic exploration and idea generation
  • Paper outline and structure design, e.g., themes for literature reviews
  • Editing and proofreading
  • Multiple language recognition
  • Content can be biased, inaccurate, or inappropriate
  • No quality control

Possible uses of conversational generative AI in research

Sabzalieva, E., & Valentini, A. (2023). ChatGPT and artificial intelligence in higher education: quick start guide. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000385146 (C-BY-SA 3.0 IGO)

AI Image Generator

AI Tool

Type

Purpose

Strengths

Weaknesses

Bing Image Creator

Conversational GAI chatbot

AI image generator

Generate text responses based on user input, e.g.  code, emails, poetry, presentation outlines, summaries

Create graphical artwork from text prompts

  • Topic exploration and idea generation
  • Paper outline and structure design, e.g., themes for literature reviews
  • Editing and proofreading
  • Multiple language recognition
  • Unique image creation
  • Textual content can be biased, inaccurate, or inappropriate
  • No quality control
  • Images of people can go wrong, e.g., distorted faces, extra appendages

Canva Text to Image

AI image generator

Create graphical artwork from text prompts

  • Unique image creation
  • Image styles can be changed, e.g., watercolor, anime
  • Images of people can go wrong, e.g., distorted faces, extra appendages
  • Only 50 images can be generated from the free version

AI Academic Search Engine

AI Tool

Type

Purpose

Strengths

Weaknesses

Consensus AI

AI academic search engine

Find supporting evidence for a research problem or clinical question

  • Analyzing and summarizing the top search results
  • Consensus meter, showing how much agreement there is in the search results on your clinical question
  • Filtering by study type
  • Free version limits usage of the Consensus meter
  • Analysis is not totally accurate
  • Search results are not as comprehensive as those from the Library Databases

Keenious (SIT Library subscription - see more)

AI academic search engine

Find articles based on a text search or the analysis of a chosen article (PDF or URL)

  • Analyzing articles to find similar or related articles
  • Linking to SIT Library OneSearch
  • Filtering results by year, citation count, or added keywords
  • Refining the focus by highlighting a section of your uploaded article, or using the Topics filter
  • Results may not be as comprehensive as those from the Library Databases
  • Simple keyword searches don’t work well, as much detail as possible needs to be entered

AI Writing Assistant

AI Tool

Type

Purpose

Strengths

Weaknesses

Jenni AI

AI text generator & writing assistant

Aid the writing process in academic writing and research

  • Different writing styles
  • Different citation styles
  • Auto-generation of introductions, conclusions, and opposing arguments
  • Multiple language recognition
  • Free version limited to 200 AI words a day
  • Responses may be incorrect or incomplete

Lex AI

AI text generator & writing assistant

Aid the writing process by generating content

  • Provides drafts, outlines, or lists of relevant topics
  • Auto-generates complete paragraphs
  • Comprehensively identifies weak arguments
  • Answers any questions about the writing - chatbot style
  • Multiple language recognition
  • In text citations and reference lists need to be manually inserted

Quillbot

AI paraphrasing tool & writing assistant

Aid the writing process by paraphrasing and grammar checking

  • Helps rewrite sentences, paragraphs, and articles while maintaining the original meaning
  • Multiple language recognition
  • Flagged grammar errors are not always real errors
  • In text citations need to be inserted manually
  • Free version limits the text input amount and does not include the plagiarism checker

AI Research Assistant

AI Tool

Type

Purpose

Strengths

Weaknesses

Research Rabbit  

AI research assistant

Find and map articles into graph format by entering a title, a DOI, or keywords  

  • Finds related papers
  • Provides interactive conceptual maps
  • Links directly with Zotero
  • Able to export to Mendeley
  • Results are not as comprehensive as those from the Library Databases or Google Scholar
  • The Zotero import is not always 100% successful
  • Explore Papers option can suddenly stop working

SciSpace

AI research assistant

Find articles by entering a research problem or clinical question, or uploading an article

  • Critically evaluates articles
  • Finds related articles
  • Imports articles from Zotero
  • Explains maths and tables
  • Multiple language recognition
  • Asking questions may not provide the expected responses
  • The Zotero import is not always 100% successful